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Diagnostics

Cancer diagnostics involve various techniques aimed at detecting and diagnosing cancer at an early stage.


1. Imaging Tests

  • X-rays: Provide images of structures inside the body to identify abnormal masses or growths.

  • CT scans (Computed Tomography): Offer detailed cross-sectional images of the body, helping locate tumors.

  • MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images, particularly of soft tissues.

  • Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to create images of internal organs or tissues to detect abnormal growths.

  • PET scans (Positron Emission Tomography): Can highlight areas of high metabolic activity, often associated with cancer cells.

2. Biopsy

  • Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA): A small needle is used to extract cells or tissue for examination.

  • Core Needle Biopsy: A larger needle is used to obtain a small tissue sample for a more detailed analysis.

  • Surgical Biopsy: A larger tissue sample is taken through surgery to provide a more comprehensive diagnosis.

3. Laboratory Tests

  • Blood Tests: Help detect specific proteins, tumor markers, or abnormal blood cell counts. Common markers include PSA (for prostate cancer), CA-125 (for ovarian cancer), and CEA (for colon cancer).

  • Urine and Stool Tests: Sometimes used to detect cancerous markers or blood that may indicate colorectal or bladder cancer.

  • Liquid Biopsy: Detects cancer DNA circulating in the blood for non-invasive cancer detection.

4. Genetic Testing

  • Helps identify genetic mutations linked to hereditary cancers (e.g., BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations for breast and ovarian cancer).

  • Can guide targeted therapies based on the molecular profile of the cancer.

5. Endoscopy

  • A flexible tube with a camera is used to visually inspect internal organs. Types include:

    • Colonoscopy (for colon cancer)

    • Bronchoscopy (for lung cancer)

    • Gastroscopy (for stomach cancer)

6. Cytogenetic and Molecular Testing

  • Cytogenetic Analysis: Examines chromosomes for abnormalities that can lead to cancer.

  • Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH): Identifies specific genetic changes in cancer cells.

  • Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): Can detect multiple genetic mutations at once, useful for personalized treatment approaches.

7. Histopathological Examination

  • Microscopic examination of tissue samples to determine the type, stage, and grade of cancer cells. Pathologists identify whether the tumor is benign or malignant and assess its aggressiveness.

8. Molecular Imaging

  • Uses tracers (radioactive substances) to detect cancer cells' specific metabolic or molecular features, aiding in identifying cancer spread or response to treatment.

9. Screening Programs

  • Regular screenings for high-risk individuals or general populations, such as:

    • Mammography for breast cancer

    • Pap smears for cervical cancer

    • Colonoscopy for colorectal cancer

These diagnostic tools are often used in combination to provide a comprehensive assessment of the cancer type, stage, and location, facilitating the development of an appropriate treatment plan.



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Diagnostics
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